Table 2 |
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Proposed mechanisms of antiproliferative and immunomodulatory effects of MSCs |
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|
Mechanism |
Model |
Reference (year) |
|
|
||
|
Soluble factors: TGF-β, HGF. Reversible |
Human in vitro. MLRs, DCs and mitogen-stimulated T cells (CD4 and CD8) |
[34] (2002) |
|
IDO |
Human in vitro. MLRs |
[37] (2004) |
|
Classical anergy (IL-2 reversible) |
Murine in vitro. Antigen (MOG) and mitogen (ConA) stimulated T cells |
[58] (2005) |
|
Increased PGE2 |
Human in vitro. Mitogen (PHA) stimulation |
[28] (2005) |
|
G1 cell cycle arrest (irreversible) |
Murine in vitro. Cognate antigenic peptide primed stimulator lymphocytes |
[2] (2005) |
|
Apoptosis of activated but not resting T cells. IDO mediated |
Human in vitro. MLRs |
[75] (2005) |
|
Nitric oxide reduction of STAT5 phosphorylation in lymphocytes |
Murine in vitro |
[76] (2006) |
|
|
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|
DC, dendritic cell; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; IDO, indoleamine 2', 3'-dioxygenase; IL, interleukin; MLR, mixed lymphocyte reaction; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell (multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell); PG, prostaglandin; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; TGF, transforming growth factor. |
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Tyndall et al. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2007 9:301 doi:10.1186/ar2103 |
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