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Tobacco smoking, coffee and alcohol intake, body mass index, physical activity, and pets and risk of rheumatoid arthritis, Denmark 1998 to 2003 |
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| Women |
Men |
Both genders |
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|
|
|
|
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| Number of patients/controls |
ORa (95% CI) |
Number of patients/controls |
ORa (95% CI) |
ORa (95% CI) |
|
|
|
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| Smoker status |
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| Never |
128/223 |
1 (ref) |
26/75 |
1 (ref) |
1 (ref) |
| Former |
68/76 |
1.69 (1.12 to 2.55) |
40/79 |
1.58 (0.84 to 2.97) |
1.57 (1.13 to 2.19) |
| Current |
170/179 |
1.84 (1.33 to 2.54) |
83/137 |
1.89 (1.09 to 3.30) |
1.80 (1.37 to 2.36) |
| Test for homogeneity (p) |
<0.001 |
0.08 |
< 0.001 |
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| Pack-years smokedb |
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| 0 pack-years |
128/223 |
1 (ref) |
26/75 |
1 (ref) |
1 (ref) |
| >0 to 10 pack-years |
77/100 |
1.54 (1.04 to 2.28) |
21/42 |
1.42 (0.69 to 2.91) |
1.44 (1.02 to 2.02) |
| >10 to 20 pack-years |
78/81 |
1.84 (1.23 to 2.77) |
25/44 |
1.86 (0.92 to 3.77) |
1.84 (1.30 to 2.59) |
| >20 pack-years |
78/70 |
2.07 (1.35 to 3.16) |
76/126 |
2.00 (1.12 to 3.58) |
1.93 (1.40 to 2.68) |
| Trend test (p) |
<0.001 |
0.03 |
<0.001 |
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| Coffee consumptionc |
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| 0 cups per day |
70/116 |
1 (ref) |
14/26 |
1 (ref) |
1 (ref) |
| >0 to 5 cups per day |
148/219 |
1.16 (0.76 to 1.79) |
42/107 |
0.79 (0.35 to 1.81) |
1.12 (0.77 to 1.64) |
| >5 to 10 cups per day |
117/122 |
1.68 (1.05 to 2.70) |
60/112 |
1.09 (0.49 to 2.46) |
1.59 (1.07 to 2.38) |
| >10 cups per day |
30/20 |
2.88 (1.43 to 5.79) |
33/45 |
1.57 (0.64 to 3.84) |
2.33 (1.40 to 3.87) |
| Trend test (p) |
<0.001 |
0.05 |
<0.001 |
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| Alcohol consumptionc,d |
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| 0 drinks per week |
79/80 |
1.36 (0.91 to 2.03) |
11/13 |
1.38 (0.51 to 3.72) |
1.34 (0.93 to 1.93) |
| >0 to 5 drinks per week |
170/227 |
1 (ref) |
42/75 |
1 (ref) |
1 (ref) |
| >5 to 10 drinks per week |
68/109 |
0.87 (0.60 to 1.27) |
35/54 |
1.24 (0.68 to 2.26) |
0.95 (0.70 to 1.30) |
| >10 to 15 drinks per week |
29/34 |
1.21 (0.69 to 2.11) |
11/41 |
0.42 (0.19 to 0.94) |
0.80 (0.52 to 1.24) |
| >15 drinks per week |
15/26 |
0.74 (0.37 to 1.47) |
47/104 |
0.82 (0.47 to 1.43) |
0.79 (0.53 to 1.17) |
| Trend test (p) |
0.21 |
0.20 |
0.05 |
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| Wine consumptionc |
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| 0 glasses per week |
120/135 |
1.23 (0.89 to 1.71) |
36/65 |
0.89 (0.52 to 1.52) |
1.09 (0.83 to 1.44) |
| >0 to 5 glasses per week |
191/251 |
1 (ref) |
87/139 |
1 (ref) |
1 (ref) |
| >5 to 10 glasses per week |
34/67 |
0.62 (0.39 to 1.00) |
18/57 |
0.48 (0.26 to 0.89) |
0.57 (0.39 to 0.83) |
| >10 to 15 glasses per week |
11/16 |
0.82 (0.36 to 1.86) |
2/17 |
0.15 (0.03 to 0.70) |
0.53 (0.27 to 1.04) |
| >15 glasses per week |
6/8 |
0.96 (0.31 to 2.92) |
6/11 |
1.05 (0.35 to 3.09) |
0.95 (0.44 to 2.02) |
| Trend test (p) |
0.10 |
0.08 |
0.02 |
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| Body mass indexc |
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| <18.5 kg/m2 (underweight) |
25/36 |
0.95 (0.52 to 1.73) |
3/5 |
0.95 (0.19 to 4.72) |
0.90 (0.52 to 1.56) |
| 18.5 to < 25 kg/m2 (normal weight) |
232/327 |
1 (ref) |
73/137 |
1 (ref) |
1 (ref) |
| 25 to < 30 kg/m2 (overweight) |
73/80 |
1.26 (0.87 to 1.85) |
52/116 |
0.86 (0.54 to 1.37) |
1.05 (0.79 to 1.40) |
| ≥ 30 kg/m2 (obese) |
26/21 |
1.83 (0.97 to 3.44) |
21/30 |
1.39 (0.71 to 2.71) |
1.57 (1.01 to 2.44) |
| Trend test (p) |
0.04 |
0.57 |
0.07 |
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| Body mass index at age 20 |
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| <18.5 kg/m2 (underweight) |
56/62 |
1.39 (0.92 to 2.10) |
4/9 |
0.75 (0.21 to 2.73) |
1.29 (0.88 to 1.89) |
| 18.5 to <25 kg/m2 (normal weight) |
258/371 |
1 (ref) |
108/220 |
1 (ref) |
1 (ref) |
| 25 to <30 kg/m2 (overweight) |
36/30 |
1.72 (1.01 to 2.92) |
28/38 |
1.65 (0.93 to 2.93) |
1.61 (1.10 to 2.34) |
| ≥ 30 kg/m2 (obese) |
4/6 |
1.33 (0.35 to 5.09) |
5/5 |
1.92 (0.50 to 7.38) |
1.59 (0.63 to 4.00) |
| Trend test (p) |
0.64 |
0.05 |
0.15 |
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| Physical activity at workc |
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| Not physically demanding |
46/94 |
1 (ref) |
23/59 |
1 (ref) |
1 (ref) |
| Slightly physically demanding |
80/104 |
1.53 (0.95 to 2.47) |
37/73 |
1.25 (0.65 to 2.41) |
1.47 (1.01 to 2.14) |
| Moderately physically demanding |
91/106 |
1.70 (1.07 to 2.72) |
47/85 |
1.41 (0.75 to 2.67) |
1.64 (1.13 to 2.37) |
| Very physically demanding |
85/94 |
1.84 (1.14 to 2.96) |
35/58 |
1.62 (0.82 to 3.18) |
1.73 (1.18 to 2.53) |
| Unemployed |
63/80 |
1.68 (0.95 to 2.98) |
7/16 |
0.94 (0.30 to 2.93) |
1.48 (0.91 to 2.42) |
| Trend test (p)e,f |
0.01 |
0.11 |
0.005 |
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| Physical activity in leisure timec |
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| Not physically demanding |
28/28 |
1 (ref) |
25/29 |
1 (ref) |
1 (ref) |
| Slightly physically demanding |
125/150 |
0.80 (0.44 to 1.45) |
52/76 |
0.84 (0.42 to 1.66) |
0.77 (0.50 to 1.19) |
| Moderately physically demanding |
180/260 |
0.65 (0.37 to 1.16) |
59/145 |
0.44 (0.23 to 0.84) |
0.56 (0.37 to 0.86) |
| Very physically demanding |
33/39 |
0.92 (0.44 to 1.94) |
13/41 |
0.26 (0.10 to 0.65) |
0.61 (0.35 to 1.05) |
| Trend test (p)e |
0.35 |
<0.001 |
0.004 |
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| Pets as adult |
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| Never |
68/51 |
1 (ref) |
22/36 |
1 (ref) |
1 (ref) |
| Ever |
298/427 |
0.46 (0.30 to 0.71) |
127/255 |
0.85 (0.46 to 1.58) |
0.56 (0.40 to 0.79) |
| Test for homogeneity (p) |
<0.001 |
0.61 |
<0.001 |
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Due to missing values for some individuals, numbers do not always add up to 366 female and 149 male patients with RA and 478 female and 291 male controls. aAdjusted for birth year, year or pseudo-year of RA diagnosis, and (when combined) gender. bOne pack-year is equivalent to 7,300 cigarettes (20 cigarettes per day for 1 year). cTen years prior to interview. dOne drink is equivalent to one bottle of normal beer, 0.67 bottle of strong beer, or one glass of wine, dessert wine, or spirits. eTrend tests on the original categories, which were enumerated by consecutive numbers starting with one. fIncluding only individuals who had a job. CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; ref, reference. | |||||
Pedersen et al. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2006 8:R133 doi:10.1186/ar2022 |
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