Table 1

Immunotherapeutic agents or other treatments used in NOD mice
1 T-cell depletion or sequestration/diversion
      6.3 IL-12
     1.1 Depletion
           Anti-IL-12 [80]
          Anti-CD3 [28]
           IL-12 antagonist (p40)2 [81]
          Anti-CD4 [40]
      6.4 IFN-α (oral) [82]
          Anti-CD8 [41]
      6.5 IL-1
          Anti-CD44 [42]
           IL-1 antibody [83]
          Anti-CD45RA [43]
           IL-1 antagonist [84]
          Anti-CD45RB [44]
      6.6 IL-6 [75]
          Anti-Thy l.2 [45]
      6.7 Lymphotoxin receptor [85]
          Antilymphocyte globulin [11,45]
 7 Pharmacologically active cytokines
          Neonatal thymectomy [46]
      7.1 IL-4 [86]
     1.2 Sequestration/diversion
      7.2 IL-10 [87,88]
          Anti-CD43 [47]
      7.3 IL-13 [89]
          Anti-VLA-l [48]
      7.4 IL-3 [37]
          Anti-VLA-4 [48,49]
      7.5 G-CSF (F Zavala, unpublished observations)
          VLA-4/Ig fusion protein [50]
      7.6 Lymphotoxin [90]
          Anti-CD62L [49]
      7.7 IL-11 [91]
2 Blockade of T-cell activation
      7.8 IL-1α [92]
     2.1 Chemical immunosuppressants
      7.9 TNF-α [26]
          Cyclosporin A [51]
 8 Tolerance to soluble β-cell autoantigens
          FK-506 [52]
      8.1 Insulin
          Azathioprine [53]
           Oral [93]
          Rapamycin [54]
           Oral + IL-10 [94]
          Deoxyspergualin [55]
           Intranasal [34,95]
     2.2 γ Irradiation [56]
           Subcutaneous
3 Targeting of T-cell receptors
 Native protein [96]
     3.1 TCRαβ antibody [13]
 B chain [96]
     3.2 CD3 antibody [28]
 Inactive analogue [95,97]
     3.3 Vβ8 antibody [57]
           DNA vaccination [98]
     3.4 T-cell vaccination
           Gene-transfer delivery [99] (proinsulin gene)
          Polyclonal activated T cells [58]
           Cholera-toxin conjugate [100]
          Glutaraldehyde-treated T cells [59]
      8.2 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)
          Activated T cells
           Oral [101]
          Vβ8 T cells [60]
           Intranasal [102]
          Anti-hsp60 T-cell clone [61]
           Subcutaneous [103]
     3.5 Blocking peptides [62]
           Intrathymic [104]
4 Targeting of MHC molecules
           DNA vaccination [105]
     4.1 Anti-class-I [63]
           Anti-GAD antibody [106]
     4.2 Anti-class-II [64]
      8.3 Heat shock protein 60 (hsp60)
     4.3 MHC transgenic mice
           Subcutaneous or intraperitoneal
          Class I [65]
 Protein [107]
          I-A [16,66]
 P277 peptide [108,109]
I-E [67]
           Gene-transfer delivery [110]
5 Targeting of costimulation and adhesion molecules
      8.4 Pancreatic extracts (oral) [111]
     5.1 Costimulation molecules
 9 Stimulation of regulatory T cells
          Anti-CD28 [68]
      9.1 Pathogens
          CTLA-4–Ig fusion protein [69]
           Bacteria
          Anti-B7.2 [69]
 Mycobacteria
          Anti-CD40L [70]
 Mycobacterium bovis[112]
     5.2 Adhesion molecules
 M. avium[113]
          Anti-ICAM-1 [71]
 Complete Freund's adjuvant [114]
          Soluble ICAM-1
 Lactobacillus casei[115]
Recombinant protein [72]
 Streptococcal extract [116]
Gene therapy (P Lemarchand, unpublished observations)
 Klebsiella extract [117]
          Anti-Mac [73]
 Escherichia coli (+ oral insulin) [118]
          Anti-LFA-l [71]
           Viruses
6 Cytokine blockade
 Mouse hepatitis virus [119]
     6.1 IFN-γ
 Lactate dehydrogenase virus [120]
          Anti-IFN-γ [74,75]
 Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus [121]
          IFN-γR/IgG1 fusion protein [76]
           Parasites
     6.2 IL-2
 Filariae [122]
          Anti-IL-2R [77]
 Schistosomes [123]
          IL-2R/Ig fusion protein [78]
      9.2 Stimulation of innate immunity
          IL-2 diphtheria-toxin protein [79]
           α-Galactosylceramide [33,124]
     9.3 Nondepleting anti-T-cell antibodies
 12 Inhibition of β-cell lesion
          Anti-CD3 [28]
      12.1 Nicotinamide [145]
          Anti-CD4 [30]
      12.2 Antioxidants
          Superantigens [125]
           Vitamin E [146]
10 Gene therapy
           Probucol analog [147]
     10.1 β-cell antigens
           Probucol + deflazacort [148]
          DNA vaccination [98,105]
           Aminoguanidine [149]
          GAD immunoglobulin [126]
      12.3 Anti-inflammatory agents
     10.2 IL-4
           Pentoxifylline [150]
          Retrovirus (T-cell transfection) [127]
           Rolipram [150]
          Biolistic [128]
 13 Miscellaneous
          Adenovirus [129]
      13.1 Immunomodulators
          IL-4/IgG1 fusion protein [130]
           Linomide [151]
     10.3 IL-10
           Ling-zhi-8 [152]
          T-cell transfection [131]
           D-Glucan [153]
          Local [132]
           Multi-functional protein 14 [154]
          Systemic [133]
           Ciamexon [155]
     10.4 ICAM-1 (P Lemarchand, in preparation)
           Cholera toxin B [156,157]
     10.5 IFN-γR/IgGl fusion protein [76,130]
           Vanadate [158]
     10.6 TGF-β [134]
           Vitamin D3 analogue [159]
     10.7 Calcitonin [135]
      13.2 Hormones and related proteins
11 Cell therapy
           Androgens [160]
     11.1 Islet or segmental pancreas transplantation (+ immunosuppression)
           IGF-I [153]

     13.3 Immunomanipulation
          Syngeneic [12]
           Natural antibodies [161,162]
          Allogeneic [136] (+ immunosuppression)
           Lupus idiotype [163]
     11.2 Intrathymic islet transplantation [38]
           Lipopolysaccharide [164,165]
     11.3 Bone marrow transplantation
      13.4 Diet
          Allogeneic [137,138]
           Casein hydrolysate [166,167]
          Syngeneic [37]
      13.5 Other
     11.4 Dendritic cells [139,140]
           Sulfatide [168]
     11.5 Natural killer T cells [141]
           Bee venom [90]
     11.6 CD4 cell lines
           Kampo formulation [169]
          Polyclonal [142]
           Silica [170]
          Anti-Iag7[143]
           Ganglioside [171]
     11.7 Allogeneic cells
           Antiasialo GM-1 antibody [172]
          Macrophages [144]
           Hyaluronidase [42]
          Spleen cells [36]
           Concanavalin A [173]

CD45RA(B), CD45 receptor A(B); CDXXL, CDXX ligand; CFA, complete Freund's adjuvant; GAD, glutamic acid decarboxylase; G-CSF, granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; IFN, interferon; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; TCR, T-cell receptor; V, variable region (of immunoglobulin); VLA, very late antigen.

Bach Arthritis Res 2002 4(Suppl 3):S3   doi:10.1186/ar554