Table 1

Depending on T-cell stimulus, various products are induced in monocytes upon cell–cell contact
Stimulus	Type of T cell	Type of monocyte	Products	References

PHA/PMA	PB T_L, HUT-78 cells, Jurkat cells, synovial and PB T cell clones: CD4⁺; CD8⁺; Th1; and Th2	PB monocytes, THP-1 cells	TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1α, IL-1Ra, TNFsRs, MMP-1 MMP-9, TIMP-1	[2-6,8,62]
PdBu/ionomycine	PB T_L	PB monocytes	TNF-α, IL-10	[19]
anti-CD3	PB T_L, synovial T cells	PB monocytes, THP-1 cells	TNF-α, IL-10, IL-1β; MMP-1	[4,12,19,22,62]
anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 or specific Ag	Th1 cell clones	THP-1 cells	IL-1β, low IL-1Ra	[7]
anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 or specific Ag	Th2 cell clones	THP-1 cells	IL-1Ra, low IL-1β	[7]
Cytokines^*	PB T_L, synovial T cells, Th1 and Th2 cell clones	PB monocytes	TNF-α, IL-1β	[9-12,20,63]
Anti-CD3	PB T_L	PMA/IFN-γ-treated U937 cell	TNF-α, IL-10, IL-12 and IL-4	[64]

^IL-2 or IL-15 alone or in combination with IL-6 and TNF-α. Ag, antigen; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; PB, peripheral blood; PHA, phytohemagglutinin; PMA, phorbol myristate acetate; Th, T helper cell; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases; TL, T lymphocyte; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TNFsRs, TNF soluble receptors. Modified and published with permission from European Cytokine Network*[13].
Burger and Dayer Arthritis Res 2002 4(Suppl 3):S169 doi:10.1186/ar558