Figure 4.

Model of B-cell differentiation (adapted from [10,12,16]). *All patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) had significantly fewer CD38⁺ post-switch B cells in comparison with healthy age-matched controls. European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) non-responders (NR) had a significantly higher frequency of CD95⁺ pre-switch memory B cells. Rituximab responders (R) had significantly lower levels of plasmablast before treatment and more B cells differentiated into double-negative B cells that are less likely to generate plasma cells [29].