Table 1 |
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Baseline characteristics and atherosclerosis in Caucasian and black women with RA |
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Characteristic |
Caucasian women (n = 95) |
Black women (n = 108) |
Pa |
|
|
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Sociodemographics |
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|
Age, years |
57.5 (11.7) |
55.4 (10.0) |
... |
|
Public healthcare (%) |
18.9 |
97.2 |
... |
|
Lifestyle factors |
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Pack year history smoking, n |
2.4 (5.0) |
0.1 (1.5) |
0.003 |
|
Current smoking (%) |
9.6 |
1.9 |
0.04 |
|
Never smoking (%) |
90.7 |
58.5 |
0.01 |
|
Former smoking (%) |
31.9 |
8.4 |
0.01 |
|
Alcohol use (%) |
34.0 |
1.9 |
< 0.0001 |
|
Exercise, hours per weekb, n |
0.7 (2.1) |
0.6 (1.9) |
0.04 |
|
Blood pressure |
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|
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg |
128 (17) |
140 (24) |
0.5 |
|
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg |
78 (9) |
85 (15) |
0.1 |
|
Lipids |
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Total cholesterol, mmol/l |
5.1 (1.0) |
4.7 (0.9) |
0.02 |
|
LDL cholesterol, mmol/l |
2.8 (0.9) |
2.6 (0.8) |
0.5 |
|
HDL cholesterolb, mmol/l |
1.7 (1.3) |
1.5 (1.3) |
0.002 |
|
Cholesterol÷HDL cholesterol |
3.1 (1.0) |
3.3 (1.1) |
0.1 |
|
Triglyceridesb, mmol/l |
1.1 (1.5) |
1.1 (1.7) |
0.8 |
|
Triglycerides÷HDL cholesterolb |
0.6 (1.8) |
0.7 (2.1) |
0.1 |
|
Non-HDL cholesterol |
3.3 (1.0) |
3.2 (0.9) |
0.5 |
|
Glucoseb, mmol/l |
4.7 (1.2) |
5.2 (1.4) |
0.02 |
|
Diabetes mellitus (%) |
4.2 |
16.7 |
0.3 |
|
RA characteristics |
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Disease duration, years |
12.7 (9.1) |
14.8 (9.4) |
0.6 |
|
Rheumatoid factor positive (%) |
73.4 |
75.9 |
0.8 |
|
DAS28 |
3.5 (1.5) |
4.1 (1.3) |
0.5 |
|
Deformed jointsb, n |
4 (4) |
7 (3) |
0.05 |
|
Prednisone use ever (%) |
43.2 |
42.6 |
0.08 |
|
Current prednisone use (%) |
4.2 |
1.9 |
0.07 |
|
Current DMARD, n |
2.1 (0.9) |
2.5 (1.0) |
0.4 |
|
Current methotrexate use (%) |
77.9 |
91.7 |
0.9 |
|
Current chloroquine use (%) |
47.4 |
77.8 |
0.2 |
|
Systemic inflammation |
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Erythrocyte sedimentation rateb, mm/hr |
7 (3) |
21 (3) |
0.007 |
|
C-reactive proteinb, mg/l |
3.9 (3.6) |
7.5 (3.1) |
0.5 |
|
Cardiovascular drugs |
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Antihypertensive agent use (%) |
43.2 |
55.6 |
0.07 |
|
Oral glucose lowering agent use (%) |
4.2 |
13.9 |
0.03 |
|
Insulin use (%) |
1.1 |
2.0 |
0.6 |
|
Statin use (%) |
36.8 |
18.5 |
0.03 |
|
Ezetimibe use (%) |
2.1 |
0 |
... |
|
Other |
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Education, years |
12.7 (2.7) |
7.5 (4.1) |
0.002 |
|
Hypothyroidismc (%) |
34.7 |
6.5 |
0.2 |
|
Hormone replacement therapy (%) |
17.9 |
5.6 |
0.8 |
|
Atherosclerosis |
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|
cIMT, mm |
0.689 (0.117) |
0.691 (0.099) |
0.6 |
|
Plaque (%) |
36.8 |
35.2 |
0.5 |
|
|
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Results are expressed as mean (SD) or proportions/percentages. aP for comparison between black and Caucasian women with RA after adjustment for age and healthcare as well as lipid lowering and antihypertensive agents in models that include lipid and blood pressure variables, respectively; bnon-normally distributed variable for which geometric mean (SD) is given; c includes subclinical and overt hypothyroidism and diagnosed when serum thyrotropin level was > 4.94 mU/L or when thyroid hormone replacement therapy was used. cIMT, common carotid artery intima-thickness; DAS28, Disease Activity Score in 28 joints; DMARD, disease modifying agents for rheumatic disease; n, number of; RA, rheumatoid arthritis. |
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Solomon et al. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2012 14:R67 doi:10.1186/ar3784 |
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