Figure 1.

TNFα serum levels. Serum levels of proinflammatory cytokine TNFα (pg/ml, median), pain intensity and depression (DE) scores in patients with chronic low back pain (cLBP) and in healthy controls (HC). ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, differences between patient group and healthy controls. CES-D, Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale.