Figure 14.

Hypothetical relation between AGE-induced NFκB activation and cell cycle arrest in osteoarthritic FLS. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), known to be induced by receptor for AGEs (RAGE) activation, could be a common denominator for p27^Kip1 induction and NFκB activation. In turn, nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) activation results in enhanced TNF-α expression and TNF-α-induced ROS generation, which may form a vicious loop. NFκB may also directly influence p27^Kip1 expression.