Table 1 |
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Risk factors for the major rheumatic diseases over the past 10 years |
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Disease |
Host/Environmental risk factor |
Gene |
|
|
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|
Rheumatoid arthritis |
Diet (caffeine and Mediterranean diet) |
PTPN22 |
|
Smoking |
PADI4 |
|
|
Hormones |
CTLA4 |
|
|
FCRL3 |
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|
MHC2A |
||
|
HLA DRB1 |
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|
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis |
Macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) |
|
|
PTPN22 |
||
|
NRAMP1 |
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|
IL-6 |
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|
Psoriatic arthritis |
Rubella vaccination |
CARD15 |
|
Injury requiring medical consultation |
MICA |
|
|
Recurrent oral ulcers |
TNF |
|
|
Moving house |
IL |
|
|
Corticosteroids |
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|
Pregnancy |
||
|
Ankylosing spondylitis |
ARTS1 |
|
|
IL-23R |
||
|
IL-1 gene cluster |
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|
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) gene |
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|
Systemic lupus erythematosus |
Breast-feeding |
MHC |
|
Early natural menopause |
ITGAM |
|
|
Lipstick |
IRF5 |
|
|
BLK |
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|
STAT4 |
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|
PTPN22 |
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|
FCGR2A |
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|
Scleroderma |
Exposure to silica or organic solvents |
Familial risk |
|
HLA-DQA1 |
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|
Fibrillin-1 SNP haplotypes |
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|
TGF-β |
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|
CTGF |
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|
Foetal microchimerism |
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|
Osteoarthritis |
Obesity/Body mass index |
IL-1 gene cluster |
|
Physical activity |
Frizzled-related protein-3 (FRZB) gene |
|
|
Grip strength |
Matrilin-3 gene |
|
|
Previous injury |
IL-4 receptor |
|
|
Metalloproteinase gene ADAM12 |
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|
Asporin (ASPN) gene |
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|
Estrogen receptor |
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|
Gout |
High purine diet |
TNF-α promoter |
|
Dairy products |
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|
Hypertension |
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|
Pharmacologic agents |
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|
Fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain |
Physical trauma |
Serotonin transporter gene |
|
Somatisation |
Familial risk |
|
|
Health-seeking behaviour |
COMT |
|
|
Poor sleep |
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|
|
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|
ADAM12, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 12; ARTS1, type 1 tumor necrosis factor receptor shedding aminopeptidase regulator; BLK, B lymphoid tyrosine kinase; CARD15, caspase recruitment domain 15; COMT, catechol-O-methyltransferase; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; CTLA4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4; FCGR2A, Fc fragment of IgG, low-affinity IIA, receptor (CD32); FCRL3, Fc-receptor like-3; IL, interleukin; IRF5, interferon regulatory factor 5; ITGAM, integrin, alpha M; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; MHC2A, major histocompatibility complex 2A; MICA, class I major histocompatibility complex chain-related gene A; NRAMP1, natural-resistance-associated macrophage protein 1; PADI4, peptidyl arginine; PTPN22, protein tyrosine phosphatase; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; STAT4, signal transducer and activator of transcription 4; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta; TNF, tumour necrosis factor. |
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Oliver and Silman Arthritis Research & Therapy 2009 11:223 doi:10.1186/ar2585 |
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