Table 1 |
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|
Risk factors for the major rheumatic diseases over the past 10 years |
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| Disease |
Host/Environmental risk factor |
Gene |
|
|
||
| Rheumatoid arthritis |
Diet (caffeine and Mediterranean diet) |
PTPN22 |
| Smoking |
PADI4 |
|
| Hormones |
CTLA4 |
|
| FCRL3 |
||
| MHC2A |
||
| HLA DRB1 |
||
| Juvenile idiopathic arthritis |
Macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) |
|
| PTPN22 |
||
| NRAMP1 |
||
| IL-6 |
||
| Psoriatic arthritis |
Rubella vaccination |
CARD15 |
| Injury requiring medical consultation |
MICA |
|
| Recurrent oral ulcers |
TNF |
|
| Moving house |
IL |
|
| Corticosteroids |
||
| Pregnancy |
||
| Ankylosing spondylitis |
ARTS1 |
|
| IL-23R |
||
| IL-1 gene cluster |
||
| Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) gene |
||
| Systemic lupus erythematosus |
Breast-feeding |
MHC |
| Early natural menopause |
ITGAM |
|
| Lipstick |
IRF5 |
|
| BLK |
||
| STAT4 |
||
| PTPN22 |
||
| FCGR2A |
||
| Scleroderma |
Exposure to silica or organic solvents |
Familial risk |
| HLA-DQA1 |
||
| Fibrillin-1 SNP haplotypes |
||
| TGF-β |
||
| CTGF |
||
| Foetal microchimerism |
||
| Osteoarthritis |
Obesity/Body mass index |
IL-1 gene cluster |
| Physical activity |
Frizzled-related protein-3 (FRZB) gene |
|
| Grip strength |
Matrilin-3 gene |
|
| Previous injury |
IL-4 receptor |
|
| Metalloproteinase gene ADAM12 |
||
| Asporin (ASPN) gene |
||
| Estrogen receptor |
||
| Gout |
High purine diet |
TNF-α promoter |
| Dairy products |
||
| Hypertension |
||
| Pharmacologic agents |
||
| Fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain |
Physical trauma |
Serotonin transporter gene |
| Somatisation |
Familial risk |
|
| Health-seeking behaviour |
COMT |
|
| Poor sleep |
||
|
|
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|
ADAM12, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 12; ARTS1, type 1 tumor necrosis factor receptor shedding aminopeptidase regulator; BLK, B lymphoid tyrosine kinase; CARD15, caspase recruitment domain 15; COMT, catechol-O-methyltransferase; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; CTLA4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4; FCGR2A, Fc fragment of IgG, low-affinity IIA, receptor (CD32); FCRL3, Fc-receptor like-3; IL, interleukin; IRF5, interferon regulatory factor 5; ITGAM, integrin, alpha M; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; MHC2A, major histocompatibility complex 2A; MICA, class I major histocompatibility complex chain-related gene A; NRAMP1, natural-resistance-associated macrophage protein 1; PADI4, peptidyl arginine; PTPN22, protein tyrosine phosphatase; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; STAT4, signal transducer and activator of transcription 4; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta; TNF, tumour necrosis factor. |
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Oliver and Silman Arthritis Research & Therapy 2009 11:223 doi:10.1186/ar2585 |
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