Figure 1.

T-independent autoantibody production may be propagated by an amplification loop involving TLRs, IFNα, and BAFF/APRIL. BAFF, B-cell activating factor; BCR, B-cell receptor; DC, dendritic cell; FcR, Fc receptor; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; mDC, monocyte-derived dendritic cell; ODN, short synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide; pDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cell; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; TLR, Toll-like receptor.