Figure 4.

Downregulatory and upregulatory influences exerted by vitamin D on the immune response. Synthetic presentation of the major downregulatory (yellow) and upregulatory (with) influences exerted by vitamin D on the immune response. Effects on T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes and related cytokines, as well as on antigen-presenting cells (APC) and dendritic cells (DC). NKT, natural killer T cells; TGFβ1, transforming growth factor beta 1; Th, T-helper type cells; Treg, regulatory T cells.